Accelerated Chemistry Practice Studio

Unit 5: Specific Heat, Calorimetry, Heating Curves, Bond Enthalpies, Hess's Law, & Reaction Kinetics.

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Chemistry Reference Center

Transition (3d)

Select any element cell above to inspect its atomic mass, valence electron count, and molar mass for stoichiometry.

Heating & Phase Change Equations

Specific Heat Formulaq = m × c × ΔT (where ΔT = T_final - T_initial)

Heat of Fusion (Melting / Freezing)q = m × H_f (or q = n × ΔH_fus)

Heat of Vaporization (Boiling / Condensing)q = m × H_v (or q = n × ΔH_vap)

Calorimetry Heat Exchangeq_reaction = -q_solution = -(m_solution × c_solution × ΔT)

Thermal Constants for Water (H₂O)

Specific Heat of Ice (solid)2.09 J/(g · °C)

Specific Heat of Liquid Water4.184 J/(g · °C)

Specific Heat of Steam (vapor)2.01 J/(g · °C)

Enthalpy of Fusion (H_f)334 J/g (6.01 kJ/mol)

Enthalpy of Vaporization (H_v)2260 J/g (40.7 kJ/mol)

Common Bond Enthalpies (kJ/mol)

H-H: 436 | C-H: 413 | C-C: 348 | C=C: 614C≡C: 839 | C-O: 358 | C=O (CO₂): 799

O=O: 495 | O-H: 463 | N≡N: 941 | Cl-Cl: 242H-Cl: 431 | N-H: 391 | C-Cl: 328

Reaction Enthalpy from BondsΔH_rxn = Σ Bond Energies (Bonds Broken) - Σ Bond Energies (Bonds Formed)

Hess's Law & Enthalpy of Formation

Standard Enthalpy of Formation (ΔH°_f)ΔH°_rxn = Σ n ΔH°_f(products) - Σ m ΔH°_f(reactants)

Elements in Standard StateΔH°_f = 0 kJ/mol (e.g. O₂(g), N₂(g), C(graphite), Fe(s))

Sign ConventionΔH < 0 is Exothermic (heat released); ΔH > 0 is Endothermic (heat absorbed)

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