Accelerated Chemistry Practice Studio

Unit 6: Molarity, Solution Stoichiometry, Dynamic Equilibrium, ICE Tables, & Le Chatelier Shifts.

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Chemistry Reference Center

Transition (3d)

Select any element cell above to inspect its atomic mass, valence electron count, and molar mass for stoichiometry.

Solution Concentrations & Dilutions

Molarity (M)M = moles of solute / liters of solution (mol/L)

Dilution FormulaM₁ × V₁ = M₂ × V₂ (moles of solute remain constant)

ElectrolytesSoluble ionic compounds dissociate into mobile solvated ions that conduct electricity.

Chemical Equilibrium Law

General ReactionaA + bB ⇌ cC + dD

Equilibrium ExpressionK_eq = [C]^c × [D]^d / ([A]^a × [B]^b)

Excluded SpeciesPure solids (s) and pure liquids (l) have constant activity and are omitted from K_eq.

Magnitude of KK > 1: Products favored at equilibrium; K < 1: Reactants favored at equilibrium.

Reaction Quotient & Le Chatelier's Principle

Q < KReaction proceeds forward (right) to produce more products.

Q > KReaction proceeds in reverse (left) to produce more reactants.

Concentration StressAdding species shifts away from it; removing species shifts toward it.

Pressure / Volume StressDecreasing volume (increasing pressure) shifts toward side with fewer gas moles.

Temperature StressExothermic (ΔH < 0): Heat is a product; heating shifts left, lowering K. Endothermic: Heating shifts right, increasing K.

Storyline Anchor: Marine Carbonate & Shellfish Die-Off

Ocean AcidificationCO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) ⇌ H⁺(aq) + HCO₃⁻(aq)

Carbonate DepletionH⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) ⇌ HCO₃⁻(aq), removing CO₃²⁻ required for shell calcification: Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) ⇌ CaCO₃(s)

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